Uncertainty and Congestion Elimination in 4G Network Call Admission Control using Interval Type-2 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Logic

The management and control of the global growth and complex nature of wireless Fourth Generation (4G) Networks elicits the need for Call Admission Control (CAC). However, CAC faces the challenge of network congestion, thereby deteriorating the network Quality of Service (QoS) due to inherent imprecision and uncertainties in the QoS data which leads to difficulties in measuring some objective and constraints of QoS using crisp values. Previous researches have shown the strength of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System (IT2FLS) in coping adequately with linguistic uncertainties. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) have indicated their ability to further reduce uncertainty by handling conflicting evaluation involving membership (M), nonmembership (NM) and hesitation. This paper applies the Interval Type-2 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Logic System (IT2IFLS) in solving CAC problem in order to achieve a better QoS in 4G Networks

Incidence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of peripartum cardiomyopathy in Nigeria : results from the PEACE Registry

Aims: The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics and risk factors of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in Nigeria. Methods and Results: The study was conducted in 22 hospitals in Nigeria, and PPCM patients were consecutively recruited between June 2017 and March 2018. To determine factors associated with PPCM, the patients were compared with apparently healthy women who recently delivered, as controls. Four hundred six patients were compared with 99 controls. The incidence and disease burden (based on the rate of consecutive recruitment of subjects) varied widely between the six geographical zones of Nigeria. From the North-West zone, 72.3% of the patients was recruited, where an incidence as high as 1 per 96 live births was obtained in a centre, while the disease was uncommon (7.6% of all recruited patients) in the South. Majority of the patients (76.6%) and controls (74.8%) (p = 0.694) were of Hausa-Fulani ethnic group. Atrial fibrillation, intracardiac thrombus, stroke, and right ventricular systolic dysfunction were found in 1.7%, 6.4%, 2.2%, and 54.9% of the patients, respectively. Lack of formal education (odds ratio [OR] 3.08, 95% confidence interval [1.71, 5.53]; P < 0.001), unemployment (OR: 3.28 [2.05, 5.24]; P < 0.001), underweight (OR: 13.43 [4.17, 43.21]; P < 0.001) and history of pre-eclampsia (OR: 9.01 [2.18, 37.75]; P = 0.002) emerged as independent PPCM risk factors using regression models. Customary hot baths (OR: 1.24 [0.80, 1.93]; P = 0.344), pap enriched with dried lake salt (OR: 1.20 [0.74, 1.94]; P = 0.451), and Hausa-Fulani ethnicity (OR: 1.11 [0.67, 1.84]; P = 0.698) did not achieve significance as PPCM risk factors. Conclusions: In Nigeria, the burden of PPCM was greatest in the North-West zone, which has the highest known incidence. PPCM was predicted by sociodemographic factors and pre-eclampsia, which should be considered in its control at population level. Postpartum customary birth practices and Hausa-Fulani ethnicity were not associated with PPCM in Nigeria